Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Depression: A Mini Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder that significantly impacts millions of individuals worldwide. Despite advances in our understanding of its neurobiological underpinnings, treatment options remain limited, and not all patients respond adequately to available therapies. Emerging evidence has implicated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a critical regulator of neuronal plasticity, in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. This review examines the role of BDNF in the brain, its relationship to depression in preclinical and clinical studies, and its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. We discuss the impact of various antidepressant treatments on BDNF, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Finally, we address the challenges and future directions in targeting BDNF for depression treatment. By deepening our understanding of BDNF and its relationship with depression, we can move towards more effective and personalized interventions for this debilitating disorder.